Bionanotechnology

Introduction...1 0.1 Bionanotechnology: AHistoricalPerspective ...1 0.2 NanotechnologyandBionanotechnology.....4 0.3 NotableNanoimagesinBionanotechnology...5 0.3.1 AFM-Qd.....5 0.3.2 Nano-drugDeliveryChip.....6 0.3.3 AtomicForceMicroscopyImage(AFM)ofSWNT...7 0.3.4 ScanningElectronMicroscopyImage(SEM)ofSWNT.....7 0.4 Opportunities and Challenges of Bionanotechnology ...8 0.5 Growth potential of Nanotechnology and Related Expenditures....9 References.....12 1. TheSignificanceofNanoDomain...15 1.1 LimitationsofMicronSize.....15 1.2 NeedforNano-Size—SurfaceVolumeRatioSignificance....15 1.3 SignificanceandKeyFeaturesofNano-Size....16 1.4 Derivation of Bohr’s Atomic Radius ofaHydrogenAtom....17 1.5 Comparison of Particle Behavior at Nano-Size toMacroSize:GoldandTitania...23 1.6 AdvantagesofScalingDown—Nano-Size...25 References.....27 2. NanoDrugDelivery....31 2.1 ConventionalDrugDelivery ...31 2.1.1 FirstPassEffect....31 2.1.2 RoutesofDelivery.....33 2.2 TargetedDrugDelivery.....34 2.3 ChemistryofDrugDeliveryVehicles.....35 2.3.1 Nanocapsules....35 2.3.2 Unilamellar Liposomal Vesicles .....35 vi BIONANOTECHNOLOGY 2.3.3 Nanoparticles....36 2.3.4 Microemulsions....36 2.4 DeliveryProfiles.....37 2.4.1 Rate-PreprogrammedDrugDeliverySystems....39 2.4.2 Activation-ModulatedDrugDeliverySystems....39 2.4.3 Feedback-RegulatedDrugDeliverySystems...40 2.4.4 Site-TargetingDrugDeliverySystems.....40 2.5 TheRoleofNanotechnologyinDrugDelivery.....40 2.5.1 Transdermal....41 2.5.2 BloodBrainBarrier....42 2.6 AdvantagesofTargetedDrugDeliverySystems....43 References.....43 3. BioNanoimaging....47 3.1 QuantumDots....47 3.2 UltrasoundContrastAgents....52 3.3 MagneticNanoparticles.....60 References.....63 4. SuccessfulApplicationsofBionanotechnology...67 4.1 NanostructuresandNanosystems.....68 4.1.1 NanoporeTechnology.....69 4.1.2 NanoSelf-AssemblingSystems.....69 4.1.3 Cantilevers...70 4.1.4 Nanoarrays...70 4.2 Nanoparticles.....71 4.2.1 QuantumDots(QDs).....71 4.2.2 ParamagneticIronOxideCrystals...72 4.2.3 Dendrimers.....73 4.2.4 CarbonNanotubes.....74 4.2.5 NanosomesandPolymersomes...75 4.3 InVitroDiagnostics.....75 4.4 Medical Application of Nanosystems andNanoparticles....76 4.4.1 DrugDeliveryApplications...77 4.4.2 NanoparticlesinMolecularImaging ...78 4.5 SummaryandConclusions.....79 References.....79 CONTENTS vii 5. SynthesisofGold,Titania,and Zinc Oxide.....85 5.1 SynthesisofGold....85 5.1.1 Background.....85 5.1.2 Brust Method of Synthesis of Thiol Derivatized Gold NPs byBiphasicReduction.....85 5.1.3 GoldColloids...87 5.1.4 GoldNanofilm.....87 5.1.5 GoldNanorods.....88 5.2 SynthesisofTitaniaNanostructures...88 5.2.1 Background.....88 5.2.2 Solvo-ThermalSynthesisofTitaniaNanoCrystals...89 5.2.3 Sol-GelTemplateSynthesisofTitaniaNanoTubesandRods....89 5.2.4 Overview of Other Synthesis Methods.....91 5.3 SynthesisofZincOxide....93 5.3.1 Background.....93 5.3.2 TheSolid-VaporSynthesisofZnO.....93 5.1 ....101 5.1.1 Brust Method of Synthesis of Thiol Derivatized Gold NPs byBiphasicReduction...101 5.2 ....102 5.2.1 Solvo-ThermalSynthesisofTitaniaNanoCrystals.....102 5.2.2 Sol-GelTemplateSynthesisofTitaniaNanoTubesandRods...102 5.2.3 Overview of Other Synthesis Methods....103 5.3 ....104 5.3.1 The Solid-Vapor Synthesis of ZnO: Horizontal Tube Furnace...104 5.3.2 WurtziteStructureofZnO.....105 References...105 6. IsBionanotechnologyaPanacea?...109 6.1 Background.....109 6.2 PrimaryConcerns...109 6.3 AssessingPotentialRisks.....110 6.3.1 Inhalation...112 6.3.2 Contact/DermalDelivery....112 6.3.3 OtherRoutesofContact....113 6.3.4 EnvironmentalImpactsofNPsandtheFoodChain...113 6.3.5 ExplosionHazards....114 viii BIONANOTECHNOLOGY 6.4 LessonsfromthePast.....114 6.5 Conclusion...116 References...116 7. RoadmaptoRealizationof Bionanotechnology....121 7.1 Introduction.....121 7.2 NanoVision:theFuturisticGoalsofBionanotech....121 7.3 WorkingtowardRealization:CurrentProgress....122 7.4 Screenshot of Reality: Bionano-Unbiased/Uncensored...123 7.5 The Nano Mission: Roadmap to Realization ofTranslationResearch....124 7.5.1 BionanointheUS....124 7.5.2 Bio-NanoinJapan....126 7.5.3 Bio-NanoinUK.....126 7.5.4 UK–JapanJointInitiativeforBionanotechnology...126 7.5.5 TheEUInitiativeinBionanotech.....126 7.5.6 BionanoinAsia...128 References...132 AuthorBiography.....139